A
    Aachen, 144.
    Abassids, 152, 153.
    Abydos, 15.
    Achaean league, 113.
    Achaeans, 43, 72.
    Achaemenids, 58, 60.
    acta diurna, 120.
    Adams, G. B., 164.
    Adams, Henry, 212.
    Adams, John, 197.
    Addison, 193.
    Adelard, 158.
    adoption, 39.
    advertising, 186, 204-5, 207, 216.
    Aemilius Paulus, 118.
    Aeneid, 119.
    Aeolians, 72, 75.
    Aeschylus, 95-6.
    Aetolian league, 113.
    Ahriman, 60.
    Ahura-Mazda, 59-61.
    Ainsworth, 201.
    Akhenaten, 24, 27.
    Akkadians, 26, 35-7, 47, 53, 66.
    Albertus Magnus, 158, 162, 165.
    Albigensian crusade, 160.
    Alcuin, 144.
    Aldus, 175.
    Alexander, 59, 108, 134, 151.
    Alexandria, 108, 109-10, 112, 115, 122, 127, 128, 132, 134, 136, 137, 153.
    Alfred the Great, 160.
    algebra, 37.
    al-Khwarizini, 158.
    Al-Mamun, 153.
    alphabet, 26, 36, 37, 44, 49-52, 58 n., 64, 66-7, 173, 183, 216;
    Greek, 67, 71;
    Gothic, 136;
    Glagolithic, 154.
    Altheim, 130.
    Ambrose, 136.
    Amenhotep II, 42.
    Amenophis II, 23.
    Amenophis III, 24.
    American revolution, 196-7.
    Ammianus Marcellinus, 136.
    Amon, 21, 22-5, 68.
    Amorites, 36-7.
    Amos, 56.
    Amsterdam, 181, 189-90, 199.
    Anaxagoras, 92.
    Anaximander, 78, 88.
    Anthropomorphism, 76, 80.
    Antigonids, 108, 113.
    Antigonus Doson, 113.
    Antigonus Gonatas, 113.
    Antioch, 132, 133, 137, 153.
    Antiochus, 132.
    Antony, 123, 131.
    Antwerp, 180, 181, 189-90.
    Anu, 38.
    Apollion of Teus, 118.
    Apollo, 80, 89, 122.
    Apollodorus, 112.
    Apollonius, 110.
    Aquinas, Thomas, 158, 162, 165.
    Arabic, 55.
    Arabs, 139, 146.
    Arameans, 43, 48, 50, 58, 64, 65, 66, 132.
    Aratus, 113.
    Arbela, 59.
    Archilochos, 75.
    architecture, 53, 65, 77, 130.
    Areopagus, 83, 84-5, 98.
    Aristarchus, 109.
    Aristarchus of Samos, 110.
    Aristophanes, 96.
    Aristotle, 69-70, 91, 110-11, 117, 118, 157, 158, 162, 168.
    arithmetic, 86, 88, 99.
    Arius, 135-6, 142.
    Arragas, 114.
    Ashan, 57.
    Ashur, 45-6, 47, 59.
    Ashur-bani-pal, 47, 56.
    Ashur-nasir-pal II, 45.
    Asklepios, 121.
    Asoka, 151.
    Assyrians, 43-9, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66, 76.
    astrology, 60-1, 110, 122.
    astronomy, 40, 60-1, 78, 110, 111, 122, 187.
    Aten, 24.
    Athanasius, 135, 141.
    Athena Polias, 86.
    Athens, 67, 70, 73, 82, 83, 86, 91, 97, 98, 99-100, 107, 113-15, 118, 129, 153, 183.
    Atlantic cable, 202.
    Athenaeum, 129.
    atomism, 92.
    Attalids, 108, 112-13, 122.
    Attalus I, 109.
    Atticus, 119.
    Attila, 6.
    Atum, 22.
    Atzig, 154.
    Augustus, 122-3, 125, 127, 128, 131.
    aulos, 94.
    Aurelian, 124.
    Averroes, 158.
    Avesta, 60, 135.
    Avignon, 163.
    B
    Baal, 54.
    Baal of Emesa, 124.
    Bacchus, 122.
    Bacon, Francis, 182, 187.
    Bagdad, 156.
    Baldwin, 207.
    Bank of England, 190.
    Barcelona, 149.
    Basil I, 153.
    Basle, 177.
    Bayle, Pierre, 185.
    Beaverbrook, Lord, 206.
    Becker, C. L., 11.
    Bede, 144.
    Belgium, 207.
    Beneventan script, 148.
    Bennett, J. G., Sen., 202.
    Berytus, 153.
    Bible, 165, 169, 173, 174, 176-7, 180, 184, 186, 188, 205.
    bilingualism, 158-9.
    Bill of Rights, 197.
    biology, 111, 157.
    Biscop, Benedict, 144.
    Bismarck, 208.
    Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 170.
    Blaeu, 185.
    Blumenfeld, 206.
    Bobbio, 143, 148.
    Boghaz-keui, 42.
    Boccaccio, 166.
    Bodin, Jean, 184.
    Bologna, 161, 178.
    Boniface, 144, 146.
    Boniface VIII, 162.
    Boniface IX, 170.
    book, 216.
    book trade, 97, 109, 113-4, 118-9, 128, 133, 169-70, 173, 175, 177-8, 180.
    Bordeaux, 140.
    Boris, King of Bulgaria, 154.
    botany, 180.
    Boyle, 195.
    Brahmanism, 151.
    Brahmans, 171.
    British Empire, 199;
    in relation to trade, 1, 3, 6.
    bronze, 51, 64.
    Brotherhood of Common Life, 176.
    Bryce, James, 6-7.
    Buddhism, 141, 151, 171-2.
    bureaucracy, 112, 121, 124-7, 129, 139, 140, 167, 171.
    Byblos, 48, 51.
    C
    Caesar Bardas, 153.
    Caeserea, 134.
    calendars, 14, 16-17, 39-40, 90, 102, 122, 136, 181.
    Caligula, 123.
    Caliph Iezid II, 145.
    Callias, 98.
    Callimachus, 110.
    Calvin, 179, 181, 184.
    Cambyses, 57.
    camel, 48.
    Canaanites, 51, 54.
    Canada, 4-6, 204, 215.
    Canadian Pacific, 4.
    capitals, destruction of, 35.
    Capitoline temple, 101, 107, 122.
    Cappadocia, 42-3.
    Caracalla Alexander, 124.
    Carchemish, 23, 43, 45.
    Carleton, Patrick, 55.
    Carolingians, 140, 147.
    Carthage, 52, 65, 107.
    Cassiodorus, 142.
    Cassirer, 9, 20.
    cathedrals, 165.
    Cato, 116.
    cavalry, 45.
    Caxton, 175.
    celibacy, 149, 182.
    cement, 130.
    censors, 103, 117.
    centrifugal tendencies, 6-7.
    centripetal tendencies, 6-7.
    Ceres, 101, 107.
    Chaeronea, 100.
    Chalcedon, 137, 142.
    chariots, 22, 35, 41, 45.
    Charlemagne, 144, 146-8, 160.
    Charles II, 186.
    Charles V, 178.
    Chaucer, 166, 175.
    Chicago Tribune, 202-3.
    China, 150-2, 170-2, 173.
    Chosroes II, 152.
    Christianity, 132-9.
    Chrysippus, 117.
    Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, 168.
    Churchill, 209.
    Cicero, 105, 117-20.
    Citrum, 114.
    city-state, 81, 96, 100, 108.
    civilization, 1-2;
    significance of media of communication to study of, 10, 27, 216-7.
    civil service, 125-6, 150-1.
    Claudius, 123.
    clay, 7-8, 10, 30, 210;
    influence on writing, 30-1, 33, 44, 51, 64.
    Cleisthenes, 89-91.
    Clement VI, 170.
    Cleopatra, 123, 131.
    Cluni, order of, 149.
    Clusius, 180.
    coffee houses, 186.
    coinage, 48, 58, 75, 85, 104, 130.
    Coke, Sir Edward, 188.
    Colbert, 192.
    Collins, 201.
    Cologne, 176, 181.
    colonization, 80.
    Columba, 143.
    Columbus, 187.
    comedy, 96, 114, 116.
    Commodus, 124, 129.
    common law, 163-4, 188-9.
    communism, 210.
    Como, 128.
    Confucianism, 150.
    Constable, 6, 194.
    Constance, Council of, 165.
    Constantine, 135-8.
    Constantine IX, 144, 154.
    Constantine X, 145.
    Constantinople, 135, 137-9, 144, 147, 154, 155;
    councils of, 136, 145.
    Constantius, 142.
    Consuls, 102, 120.
    contracts, 105-6.
    conveyances, 105.
    Copernicus, 187.
    copyists, 169-70, 173, 175.
    copyright, 193, 201-2.
    Corbie, 147.
    Cordova, 152, 157.
    Corinth, 107.
    Corpus Juris Civilis, 161.
    Cranmer, Thomas, 182.
    Crates, 116.
    Crete, 70.
    Croesus, 58.
    Cromwell, Thomas, 182.
    Crusades, 155.
    Ctesiphon, 135.
    cuneiform, 31-2, 36, 42, 48, 50-2, 58.
    Cyaxares, 57.
    cylinder press, 202.
    Cynics, 115.
    Cyprus, 51, 71, 114, 139.
    Cyril, 137.
    Cyrus, 57.
    D
    Dacia, 124, 136.
    Daily Express, 201, 206.
    Daily Mail, 201, 206.
    Daily Telegraph, 200, 208.
    Damascus, 56, 152, 156.
    Dante, 166.
    Darius I, 57-9.
    Darius III, 59.
    David, 54.
    Davis, Sir John, 163.
    Decemvirs' code (twelve tables), 103, 117.
    Decretum, 161.
    Defoe, 193.
    Deioces, 57.
    deism, 187.
    Delian league, 98.
    Delos, 98, 107, 112.
    Delphi, 80, 82, 86, 93, 136.
    Demeter, 101.
    democracy, 91, 94, 99, 116.
    Democritus, 92, 115.
    demotic, 109.
    deportation, 48, 58.
    Descartes, 185, 187, 198.
    Desmoulins, 199.
    Deuteronomy, 56, 63.
    Deventer, 176.
    Dicey, 212.
    Dickens, 201.
    Digest, 161.
    Diocletian, 124-6, 135.
    Dionysus, 86-7, 89, 93-5, 101, 110, 122.
    dithyramb, 94.
    Dolet, 179.
    Dominicans, 160, 162, 166, 176.
    Dorians, 51, 72, 100.
    Draco, 82-3.
    drama, 94-7, 114, 116, 119-20.
    Druidism, 128.
    Dungi, 35.
    Dur-Sharukin, 46.
    Dutch East India Company, 190.
    E
    Ecclesiastes, 109.
    Ecclesiastical organizations, 7, 24-5, 29, 30, 33-4, 38, 42, 45-6, 49, 51, 55-6, 57, 60-3, 64-6, 76.
    economics, 1-2.
    Edessa, 153.
    Egypt, 7, 12, 13-30, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 66, 75, 76, 78, 108-12, 118, 119, 122, 125, 131-2, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 152.
    Edward VII, 208.
    El, 51.
    Elagabalus, 124.
    Elamites, 36.
    Elijah, 54.
    Elizabeth, Queen, 182.
    Elohist, 55-6.
    Elzivir, 185.
    Empedocles, 92.
    Emperor worship, 123-4.
    empires, 210-11, 214-5.
    encyclopaedia, 194, 198.
    Enlil, 38, 46.
    epics, 71-4, 77, 86, 188.
    Epicurus, 115, 116, 117.
    Epidaurus, 121.
    Equites, 126.
    Er, 38.
    Erasmus, 177.
    Eridu, 38.
    Erigena, John Scotus, 162.
    Eros, 77.
    Esarhaddon, 46, 47.
    essay, 195.
    Estienne, 177, 178.
    Etruscans, 101.
    Euclid, 110.
    Eumenes II, 112.
    Eupatrids, 83, 85.
    Euphrates, 30, 43, 47.
    Eurgetes II, 112.
    Euripides, 95-6, 97.
    Eusebius, 137.
    Evendeath, 158.
    Ezekiel, 61.
    Ezra, 62.
    F
    Fabians, 156.
    Fannius, 125.
    Farrachius, 157.
    Fenno, 197.
    Fez, 156.
    finance, 181, 189-90.
    Florence, 168, 169, 178, 181.
    Fontenay, 148.
    Fourdrinier machine, 199.
    Frankfort, 178.
    Frankfort diets, 161.
    Frankfort, synod of, 147.
    Francis I, 179.
    Franciscans, 160, 166.
    Franklin, Benjamin, 196.
    Frederick II, 156, 157, 161.
    Freeman, E. A., 67.
    French revolution, 198-9.
    Froben, John, 177.
    Fuggers, 181.
    Fulda, 144.
    G
    Gaius, 127.
    Galileo, 187.
    Gallicanism, 142, 167, 184, 191.
    Gallienus, 126.
    Gallus, 143, 148.
    Gandash, 41.
    Gardiner, A. G., 49.
    Gauls, 103, 112.
    Geneva, 180, 184, 198.
    Genoa, 155, 181.
    Gentilly, 146.
    geography, 110, 187.
    geometry, 77-8, 79, 86, 88, 99, 110-11.
    Germany, 167, 174, 175, 176, 177.
    Gibbon, 67, 194.
    Gilbert, William, 187.
    Goebbels, 208.
    Goldsmith, 194.
    Good Hope, 181.
    Gorgias, 114.
    Goths, 136.
    grammar, 37, 109, 116, 128.
    Gracchus, 116.
    Gratian, 161.
    Greek, 170, 172, 178, 180, 182.
    Greeks, 57, 59.
    Gregorius, 137.
    Gregory I, 143, 145, 160.
    Gregory II, 144.
    Gregory III, 146.
    Gregory VII, 159.
    Gregory IX, 161.
    Greeley, Horace, 203.
    Groote, Gerard, 176.
    Grote, 67.
    Grotius, 191.
    Gula, 49.
    Gutium, 35.
    H
    Hadrian, 123, 126, 127, 129.
    Hadrian, Pope, 147.
    Hakin II, 157.
    Hamburg, 149.
    Hammurabi, 36, 37, 38-9, 47, 54, 65.
    Harley, 193.
    Harnack, 134.
    Haroun al Raschid, 153.
    Harvey, 187.
    Hattusil, 42.
    Hearst, W. R., 203, 210.
    Hebrew, 50, 51, 52-6, 61-3, 64, 77, 80, 108, 109, 132, 168, 170, 176.
    Hecateus, 96.
    Heliopolis, 16-7.
    Henry VIII, 182.
    Henry the Fowler, 149.
    hepatology, 46.
    Heraclitus, 91, 114.
    Heraclius, 139.
    heresy, 165.
    Hermanogenianus, 137.
    Herodotus, 97.
    Hesiod, 74.
    hieratic, 18, 52, 109.
    hieroglyphics, 15, 18, 19, 21, 26.
    Hildebrand, 149.
    Hitler, 8.
    Hittites, 41-4.
    Hobbes, 187, 189.
    Hohenstaufens, 176.
    Homer, 69, 72-4, 76, 86, 93.
    Horace, 115, 128.
    Horemheb, 25.
    horse, 22, 41, 45, 48, 58, 64, 65.
    Horus, 16, 21.
    Hosea, 56.
    Hudson's Bay Company, 4.
    Huguenots, 180, 185, 191.
    Hume, 194-5.
    Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 153.
    Hyksos, 22, 23, 41-2, 50.
    I
    iconoclasm, 168.
    Iliad, 73, 97, 109.
    illumination, 170, 175.
    images, 53, 58, 145-7, 150, 153.
    immortality, 14, 17, 20-1, 59, 61.
    India, 50, 109, 129, 151, 171, 190.
    indulgences, 170, 177.
    inflation, 129.
    inheritance, 84, 103.
    ink, 132, 150, 174.
    Innocent III, 159.
    Inquisition, 161, 163, 181.
    Iona, 143, 144.
    Ionians, 72, 75, 76, 77, 86, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 100, 111.
    Ireland, 143, 148, 197.
    Irene, 147.
    Irnerius, 161.
    iron, 42, 44, 64.
    Isaiah, 56, 109.
    Ishtar, 45, 49.
    Isidore of Seville, 148.
    Isis, 20-1, 122, 123.
    Isocrates, 117.
    Israel, 54-6, 61, 63, 108.
    Issus, 59.
    italics, 175.
    J
    Jaeger, 75, 86, 93, 96.
    Jahweh, 55-6, 62, 77.
    James I, 186.
    Japan, 172.
    Jehovah, 54.
    Jeremiah, 61, 109.
    Jerome, 141.
    Jerusalem, 56, 57, 61-3, 132, 139, 154-5.
    Jesuits, 178.
    John XII, Pope, 149.
    John XXII, 161.
    John XXIII, 165.
    Johnson, 194.
    Judah, 54, 56, 59, 61.
    judex, 104-5.
    Julius Caesar, 120, 122, 123, 125.
    Jundeshapur, 153.
    Junius, 195.
    Junius Brutus, 122.
    jury, 164.
    Justinian, 137-8, 153.
    Juvenal, 129.
    K
    Kaiser, 206, 208.
    Kassites, 23, 41, 43, 53, 139.
    Koberger, 177.
    Kore, 101.
    Kroeber, 1.
    Kruger, 206.
    L
    land, 80, 84, 88.
    language, 9, 20, 92;
    Akkadian, 36-7, 47;
    Hebrew, 55, 63, 132;
    Latin, 117, 158-9, 162, 166, 167;
    French, 164, 179;
    English, 164, 188.
    Languedoc, 157.
    Lateran Council 769, 146.
    Lateran Council 1215, 155.
    law, 16, 27-8, 33, 35, 38-9, 65, 81-6, 98-9, 102-7, 114, 117-18, 120-1, 126-7, 161, 184, 212-13;
    Hebraic, 54, 56, 63 n.;
    codification of Roman law, 137-8, 153-4.
    lawyers, 162-4, 167.
    Le Clerc, 185.
    legis actiones, 104-5.
    Leipzig, 177.
    Leo, 153.
    Leo III, 144-5.
    Leo IV, 146.
    Leo V, 147.
    Leo VI, 153.
    Leo the Great, 137.
    Leo the mathematician, 153.
    Lesbos, 75.
    L'Estrange, Roger, 186.
    Leucippus, 92.
    lex, 107.
    lex Aebutia, 105.
    lex Cornelia, 105.
    lex Ogulnia, 104.
    Leyden, 178, 180.
    Liber, 101.
    Libera, 101.
    libraries, 46-7, 70, 97, 109-10, 112, 118, 119, 120, 122, 127-8, 131, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143-4, 147, 157-8, 169, 201.
    Licinian laws, 103.
    Licinius Crassus, 117.
    Lincoln, Abraham, 203.
    linen, 156-7.
    linotype, 202.
    Lisbon, 181.
    literature, 26-7, 37-8, 46-7, 54-5, 72-3, 97, 113-4.
    Livius Andronicus, 115.
    Locke, 188, 191, 211.
    Logos, 77, 92, 110.
    Lollardy, 165.
    London, 189.
    Louis IV, 161.
    Louis XIV, 190, 191, 192.
    Louis Napoleon, 207.
    Louis the Pious, 148.
    Lucretius, 117.
    Luke, 133.
    Lull, 144.
    Luther, 177, 178, 184.
    Lycurgus, 99.
    Lydia, 48, 57, 58, 75, 85, 99.
    Lyons, 128, 159, 178, 179, 180, 181.
    lyre, 72, 75.
    lyrics, 75, 97, 116.
    M
    Macaulay, 191.
    Machiavelli, 178.
    Maecenas, 128.
    Maeterlinck, 9.
    Magic, 21.
    Magna Mater, 122-3.
    Magyars, 149.
    Maimonides, 158.
    Mainz, 174;
    Archbishop of, 176.
    Mallos, 116.
    Manasseh, 56.
    Manyikait, 154.
    Marathon, 59.
    Marcus Aurelius, 124, 129, 130.
    Marcus Terentius Varro, 120.
    Marduk, 38, 46, 59.
    Marius, 121.
    Mark, 133.
    Marlowe, 182.
    marriage, 39, 103.
    Marseilles, 140, 145.
    Marsilius, 161, 189.
    Martel, Charles, 146.
    Martial, 128.
    Martin V, 165 n.
    Marx, Karl, 210.
    Marxism, 67.
    mathematics, 33-4, 40-1, 77, 88, 110, 111, 156, 158, 187.
    matriarchate, 25 n.
    Medes, 48, 57.
    medicine, 23, 92, 111, 157.
    M-Engur, 35.
    Megiddo, 22.
    Mellitus, 146 n.
    Memphis, 15, 47.
    Menes, 6, 15.
    mercantilism, 179, 185.
    Merovingians, 140, 146.
    Methodism, 195.
    Michael, 153.
    Milan, 135, 136.
    Miletus, 57, 77, 91, 96.
    Mill, J. S., 2.
    Milton, 186, 188.
    Minoan, 70.
    minstrels, 71-6, 86.
    minuscule, 147-8.
    Mishna, 132.
    Mitanni, 23, 42-3, 51.
    Mithraism, 59-60, 87, 124-5, 135.
    Mohammedanism, 140, 144-6, 150-3, 157-8, 172, 209.
    monarchy, 13-17, 21-2, 24-5, 29, 34-5, 39, 55, 58, 64-5, 73-4, 81, 102, 108, 190, 191, 192;
    French, 162-3.
    monasticism, 141-7, 149, 157, 165, 167, 168, 172, 175, 182.
    Mongols, 152, 156.
    monophysitism, 137-8.
    Montaigne, 179.
    Monte Cassino, 142.
    Montesquieu, 214.
    Moret, 13, 21.
    moria, 78-9, 86-7.
    Moses, 54.
    Mudie, 201.
    mummification, 14, 23.
    Murray, John, 6.
    Music, 62, 72, 75, 81, 88, 99, 176.
    Mycenea, 51.
    N
    Nabonidus, 57.
    Nabonassar, 60.
    Nabur, 38, 46.
    Nantes, Edict of, 179, 185.
    Napoleon, 199.
    nationalism, 212.
    Naucratis, 76.
    Nebopolassar, 57.
    Nebuchadnezzar, 76.
    Nebuchadnezzar I, 43.
    Nectanebo, 25.
    Nehemiah, 62.
    Nestorius, 137, 153.
    Netherlands, 178, 180-1, 185-6, 189-90.
    Newberry, John, 194.
    News, 200-1.
    newsbooks, 186.
    news-letters, 181.
    newspapers, 192-3, 198-9, 200, 216.
    Newton, 187.
    New York Herald, 200.
    New York Tribune, 201.
    Nicaea, 155;
    Council of, 325, 135-6;
    Council of, 787, 146-7.
    Nicholas I, Pope, 154.
    Nicholas II, 149.
    Nietzsche, 94, 95.
    Nigmed, 51.
    Nile, 13, 20, 28, 30, 125.
    Nilsson, 14, 72-3.
    Nineveh, 46, 48, 57.
    Ninlil, 38.
    Nippur, 38.
    Nisibis, 153.
    Nordlingen, 170.
    Northcliffe, 206.
    novels, 193, 201.
    O
    Odyssey, 73, 97, 109, 115.
    oligarchy, 17.
    Olympic games, 81, 93.
    Omayyah, 152.
    oral tradition, 8, 14-15, 26, 37, 65, 68-71, 74-5, 79-80, 96-102, 104, 107, 117, 120, 150, 151, 160, 163-4, 171, 183.
    Origen, 133.
    original sin, 137, 211.
    Orleans, Council of, 142.
    Orphicism, 87-9.
    Osiris, 13, 16, 20-1, 24, 110.
    ostracism, 89.
    Oswin, King, 144.
    Otto the Great, 149.
    Otto II, 149.
    Otto III, 149.
    ownership, 164, 190.
    Oxford, 166.
    P
    P, 63.
    Pachomios, 141.
    Pahlavi, 58, 135.
    painting, 153.
    Palestine, 23, 50, 55, 66, 109, 138-9.
    Palmyra, 124.
    Pamphilus, 134.
    Panaetius, 117.
    Panathenaia, 86, 97.
    paper, 141, 150-3, 155-8, 165, 167, 168, 171-2, 174-9, 183, 185, 189, 191, 192, 197, 199-200, 211.
    paper, wood pulp, 203.
    papyrus, 7-8, 10, 22, 23, 25, 29, 44, 49, 50, 51-2, 58, 75-6, 109, 113-4, 118-9, 125, 129, 139, 140, 141, 148, 152, 156, 167, 211;
    making of, 17-18;
    prices of, 111-12.
    parchment, 44, 49, 50, 58, 112-13, 131-3, 137, 139, 140-1, 148, 149, 152, 165, 167, 168-9, 171, 172, 174, 183-4, 211, 216.
    Paris, 149, 157, 162, 166, 169, 173, 175, 180, 199.
    Paris, treaty of, 160.
    Paris, University of, 144, 162, 169, 175, 178, 179.
    parliament, 164, 180, 188, 189-90, 197.
    Parmenides, 92.
    Parthians, 134.
    patria potestas, 106.
    Pattison, Mark, 1, 8.
    Paul, 133.
    Paul, Pope, 146.
    Pelagius, 137.
    Pella, 132.
    penny postage, 200.
    pens, 168.
    Pentateuch, 56.
    Pepin, 146.
    Pergamum, 107, 108, 112-13, 115, 116, 131.
    Pericles, 97, 98.
    Perseus, 118.
    Persia, 12, 50, 57-61, 63, 64, 76, 90-1, 93, 98, 109, 134, 139, 153.
    Petrarch, 166.
    Petrie, Flinders, 26-7, 49.
    Phaedrus, 67-8.
    Philip, 100, 108, 122.
    Philip the Fair, 162.
    Philistines, 52, 54.
    philology, 178.
    philosophy, 78-80, 86-7, 91-3, 110-1, 114-15, 116, 129.
    Phoenician, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 66, 71, 75, 81.
    Photius, 154.
    photography, 205.
    Phrygians, 50, 85.
    physis, 78, 79, 92, 111.
    Pindar, 93-4.
    Pirenne, 10.
    Pisa, 155.
    Pisistratids, 86.
    Plantin, 180.
    Plato, 68, 70, 88, 110-11, 115, 117, 154, 168.
    Plautus, 119.
    Pliny, 119 n., 127, 129.
    poetry, 8, 12, 37, 69, 70, 71-5, 93, 131.
    political organizations, 7, 19, 24-5, 29, 39, 150-1;
    Hittite, 42;
    Assyrian, 44-5, 47;
    Hebrew, 54;
    Persian, 57-8, 64-6.
    Polybius, 117.
    polygamy, 57.
    Pontifex maximus, 102, 104, 123.
    pontifices, 102.
    Pope, 194.
    Poseidonius, 117.
    postal services, 58, 125, 150, 181.
    Potosi, 182.
    Praetors, 103-5, 116;
    edicts, 105;
    peregrinus, 104;
    urbanus, 104, 120, 122, 126.
    Prague, 165.
    printing, 151-2, 171, 173-6, 177, 178, 193.
    property, 105-6, 164, 190.
    Prophets, 56, 63, 109.
    prose, 69-70, 78, 92, 96-7, 113, 116-7, 187-8.
    Provence, 160.
    prudentes, 104.
    Psalms, 109.
    Psellus, 154.
    Ptolemies, 108-9, 118, 123.
    Ptolemy I, 109.
    Ptolemy II, 109, 112.
    public credit, 189-90.
    publishing, 193-4.
    Pulitzer, 203, 206.
    pulp and paper, 5-6.
    Pythagoras, 88-9, 110.
    pyramids, 14, 17.
    Q
    Quintilian, 129.
    Quintus Mercius Scaevola, 120.
    R
    Ra, 13-14, 16, 20-1.
    Rabelais, 179.
    radio, 204-5, 207, 209, 216.
    Rameses II, 25, 42.
    Rameses XI, 25.
    Ras Shamra-Ugarit, 50-1.
    reciprocity, 204.
    Reformation, 183.
    Renan, 67.
    res publica, 106.
    res privata, 106.
    Reuchlin, John, 176.
    Rhazes of Khorasan, 157.
    rhetoric, 114, 116-7, 120, 128-9.
    Rhodes, 100, 107, 117.
    Richardson, 193.
    Rimini, Council of, 136.
    Robertson, 194.
    Roger of Sicily, 156.
    Roman Church, 134, 136-7, 144, 146, 149;
    separation from Eastern Church, 154-5, 159.
    Rome, 7, 12, 101, 102, 103, 107, 113, 115-6, 118, 121-2, 124-5, 127, 129, 132, 133, 137, 148, 154, 178, 184.
    Roosevelt, F. D., 204, 209.
    Roosevelt, Theodore, 204.
    Rousseau, 198, 211.
    Royal Society, 187-8.
    Russell, 200.
    Russia, 209-10.
    S
    Saevius Sulpicius Rufus, 120.
    St. Augustine, 211.
    St. Bartholomew, 178.
    St. Basil, 141, 142.
    St. Benedict, 142-3, 147.
    St. Clement, 133.
    St. Cyprian, 141.
    St. Cyril, 154.
    St. John Cassian, 142.
    St. Methodius, 154.
    St. Patrick, 143.
    St. Sophia, 138.
    Salic law, 147, 182.
    Salvus Julianus, 126.
    Samaria, 56.
    Samarkand, 152.
    Samos, 88, 110.
    Sapir, 8.
    Sappho, 75.
    Sardis, 57-8.
    Sargon, 45.
    Sargon of Agade, 35.
    Sassanids, 135.
    satraps, 58.
    Saturn, 107.
    Saul, 54.
    Scaliger, 178, 180.
    science, 41, 79, 80, 92, 110, 115, 187.
    Scipio Amelianus, 117.
    Scot, Michael, 157, 158.
    Scott, 194.
    scribes, 19, 27, 28, 33, 58.
    sculpture, 53, 65, 93, 130.
    Scythians, 48, 57.
    Seljuk Turks, 154.
    Sellasia, 113.
    semantics, 205.
    Senate, 102-3, 104, 107, 116, 120-1, 123, 124, 126.
    Seneca, 127.
    Sennacherib, 46, 48.
    Septimus Severus, 124, 127.
    Serapeum, 108, 109.
    Serapis, 108, 122, 123, 124, 136, 141.
    Seville, 157.
    Sextus Aelius, 120.
    Shakespeare, 182.
    Shalmanesu I, 42.
    Shalmanesu III, 44.
    Shalmanesu V, 45.
    Shamash, 46.
    shorthand, 120.
    Sibylline books, 101, 122, 136.
    Sicily, 82, 89, 101, 107, 114, 156, 157.
    sideral year, 13, 16.
    Sidon, 52.
    Seleucids, 108, 134.
    Simonides, 94.
    Sinai, 49.
    Sirius, 13.
    Smith, Adam, 194.
    Socrates, 67-8, 70.
    Solomon, 45, 54.
    Solon, 82, 83-6, 89.
    Somers, Lord, 212.
    Sophocles, 95.
    Sorokin, 1.
    space, in relation to communication, 7, 11, 29, 65, 100, 139, 167, 171-2, 215-17.
    Spain, 107, 128, 139, 148, 152, 157, 167, 181, 190.
    Sparta, 86, 99-100.
    Spencer, Herbert, 9.
    Spengler, 1.
    Spenser, 182.
    Sprat, 188.
    stamp taxes, 193, 195-6, 200.
    staple products, 4-5.
    Star Chamber, 186.
    Stationers' Company, 191.
    Steele, 193.
    Stephen, 145.
    Stephen II, 146.
    stereotype, 202.
    stichometry, 119.
    Stilicho, 136.
    Stoicism, 114-15, 117-8.
    stone, 7, 10, 17, 18, 22, 25, 29, 65, 210;
    stonecutters' wages, 113 n.
    Strabo, 110.
    Subbiluluima, 42.
    Sulla, 118, 121.
    Sumer, 30, 35.
    Sumer-Abum, 36.
    Sumerian, 32, 35-8, 46, 54, 65.
    Susa, 58.
    Swift, 193.
    Switzerland, 178, 180.
    Syracuse, 114.
    Syria, 23, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50, 66, 137, 138.
    T
    Tabennisi, 141.
    tabloids, 204.
    Tacitus, 129.
    Talmud, 132.
    Tarentum, 122.
    Tarn, 113.
    taxation, 116, 121, 125.
    Teggart, F. J., 7 n., 10 n.
    telegraph, 200, 202.
    Terence, 119.
    Thackeray, 201.
    Thales, 77-8.
    theatre, 186.
    Thebans, 100.
    Thebes, 22, 25, 47, 108.
    Themistocles, 91.
    Theodoric, 142.
    Theodosius, 136.
    Theodosius II, 137.
    Theognis, 94.
    Theophano, 149.
    Theophrastus, 118.
    Thoth, 14-15, 21, 23, 68.
    Thotmes II, 42.
    Thotmes IV, 23.
    Thutmosis III, 22.
    Tiberius, 123, 127.
    Tibet, 152.
    Tiglath-Pileser, 43, 49.
    Tiglath-Pileser I, 47.
    Tiglath-Pileser III, 45.
    Tigris, 30.
    Time, in relation to media of communication, 7, 10-11, 14, 29, 65-6, 100, 130, 139, 167, 171-2, 215-7.
    Times, The, 200-1, 206.
    Tiro, 120.
    Titus, 132.
    Toledo, 157, 158.
    Tory, Geoffrey, 179.
    Toulouse, 159.
    Toynbee, 1, 211-12.
    Trade oligarchies, 65.
    Trajan, 123, 127, 129, 130.
    translations, 67, 115, 132, 134, 153, 157-60.
    transmigration of souls, 87, 94.
    tribunes, 102.
    Tripertita, 120.
    Trollope, 201.
    troubadours, 166.
    Troy, 43.
    Turkestan, 152.
    Tut-ankh-Amen, 24.
    Tyndale, 177.
    type, 173-4, 180, 185.
    tyrants, 86, 89, 93, 97, 101.
    Tyre, 52, 76.
    U
    Unam Sanctum, 162.
    universities, 153-4, 157, 169, 176.
    Ur, 35.
    Uruk, 38.
    Urukagina, 34.
    Urwick, E. J., 11.
    Utrecht, 181.
    V
    Valens, 136.
    Vanni, 42, 44.
    Veda, 60, 151.
    Venice, 147, 155, 169, 175, 181.
    Venus, 61.
    vernacular, 159-60, 162-6, 176, 178-9, 183.
    Verona, 159.
    Vespasian, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130.
    Virgil, 128.
    Vitellius, 126.
    Vitruvius, 119.
    Vivarium, 142.
    Voltaire, 10, 185.
    Vulgate, 147.
    W
    Waldo, Peter, 159.
    Wallas, Graham, 11, 12-13.
    Walpole, 193, 196.
    wars, religious, 191.
    wax tablets, 132.
    Wearmouth, 144.
    weights and measures, 40, 41, 48.
    Wesley, 195.
    Westminster Gazette, 206.
    Whitby, 144.
    Whitefield, 195.
    Whitehead, 111.
    Wilkes, 195.
    William and Mary, 191.
    William of Occam, 161.
    William of Orange, 180.
    Wilson, Woodrow, 204.
    Wolsey, Thomas, 182.
    women, 74, 75, 106, 166, 178, 195.
    Woolner, 71.
    writing, 11-12, 66, 69-70, 118-9, 121, 132, 147-8;
    sacred character of, 14-15, 21, 53;
    papyrus and, 18-19, 28-9;
    stone and, 18, 25-6;
    Sumerian, 30-3, 36, 37;
    Elamite, 36;
    Hittite, 42, 43, 44;
    Aramaic, 48, 49, 50;
    Persian, 58;
    Hebrew, 63;
    Minoan, 70;
    written law 82-3, 102-7;
    spread in Greece, 96-7;
    Graeco-Etruscan script, 101;
    demotic script, 109;
    Chinese, 150;
    parchment and, 168-9.
    Wulfilas, 136.
    Wycliffe, 164-5.
    X
    Xativa, 156.
    Xenophanes, 93.
    Xerxes, 59.
    Y
    Yarrow, 144.
    York, 144.
    Z
    Zacharias, Pope, 146.
    Zarathushtra, 59, 60.
    Zenger, Peter, 196.
    Zenjuli, 43.
    Zeno, 114, 137, 138, 153.
    Zenobia, 124.
    Zeus, 76, 93.


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